Malawi Food Insecurity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1002 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Food Insecurity Essay Did you like this example? Every living thing requires food in order to survive. Human beings require plenty of food supply to survive in all seasons and when they have shortage of food they will suffer from hunger and it may results in getting malnutrition diseases. Africa is one of the continent that experiences food insecurity most of the time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malawi: Food Insecurity" essay for you Create order Some African countries like Malawi have been known to be experiencing shortage of food most of the time due to some factors. People in Malawi experience shortage of food due to some factors such as frequent drought, water scarcity, price of maize, fertilizers and distance to market. Environmental: Drought and Maize Planting People in Malawi depend on maize as their stable food. Maize production is high when there is no drought and low when there is drought. For many years Malawi has been known to experience droughts for many years which led to low production of maize and thus making people to lack food. Kondwani et al. found that abought 97% of the farmers in Malawi plant maize because they see maize farming as the easiest one and does not require a lot of materials when planting (insert page). People cultivate their lands only and plant theirs maize when their good rainfall. According to Kondwani et al. the â€Å"drought of 1990s and 2000s significantly reduced maize production and led to famine in many areas of Malawi† (2). Drought makes everywhere to be dry thus making maize farming impossible. In some years ago, drought was seen as the factor that led to food insecurity in Malawi. Environmental: Irrigation and Maize Harvest Water is so useful in plantation of crops. Some crops needs irrigation in order to produce high yields and thus irrigation cannot work when there is shortage of water. Malawi is one of the country that experience scarcity of water which has led to shortage of food because irrigation cannot be applied. People only depend on rain to plant their food crops such as maize and they are not able to plant crops like rice which requires irrigation. In a TED Talk on â€Å"harnessing wind† for power, Kamkwaba, a citizen-scholar and community activist, discussed how he build the wind mill that generated electricity for pumping water in rural of Malawi. He says the electricity assisted people to do irrigation because people in rural areas were lacking water for doing irrigation. Scarcity of one water is one of the factor that causes food insecurity because people are not able to do irrigation without plenty water. Economics: The Cost of Maize When maize production is low the price of maize will be high because the demand will be high and supply is low. People who have less money will not be affording to buy maize at the market price and thus causing famine in their homes. Fisher and Lewin reported in their community study that due to drought which occurs most of the time in Malawi, the production of maize has been low which has led to high demand and making their prices to be high. People in rural areas of Malawi are not able to buy maize at that price because they don’t have enough money thus making them to stay without food. High Price of maize has led to food insecurity in Malawi because people are not able to buy food. Economics: The Cost of Fertilizer Additionally, price of fertilizers causes food insecurity in Malawi. Every crop that is being planted needs fertilizers to add nutrients thus making it to produce high yields. Fisher and Lewin noted that when the price of fertilizers is high , most people are not affording to buy at that high price. They plant their crops without fertilizers which leads to low production of their yields. In Malawi most the people which plants maize are not able to get fertilizers and they end up planting without. The production will low because maize will get nutrients which are necessary for making food. This has led to high percentage of food insecurity in Malawi. Economics Environment: Distance Additionally, distance to market is one of the main factor that has led to food insecurity in Malawi. People who live in urban centers depend on food from farmers who do farming in rural areas. The farmers may be having plenty of food in rural areas but it difficult for them to get to market. The country of Malawi have poor infrastructures which makes farmers to experience huge loses because most of their products will get spoil before getting to market. People who expect these food will end up starving because no food will reach the market. Some other people may be living too far from market and they may not be able to get market to buy food thus staying without food. In conclusion, the government of Malawi should subsidize the price of fertilizers so that everyone will afford to purchase. This will make the production of to be high because everyone will be able to put enough fertilizers on their crops. When there is high production of maize, the demand for maize goes down thus making their price to fall. People will be able to buy maize at low price and everyone will be able to get food. The government of Malawi also should provide grants for windmill constructions. Windmills will assist people over dry seasons in pumping water for irrigation and other uses. The government of Malawi also should improve bank infrastructure to funnel money to projects and people in need. Lastly the government of Malawi should set aside emergency funds for drought and other unexpected things. Work Cited Kamkwamba, William. â€Å"William Kamkwamba: How I Harnessed the Wind (TED Talks, 2009).† YouTube, YouTube, 14 Mar. 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QkNxt7MpWM. Msowoya, Kondwani, et al. â€Å"Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa.† SpringerLink, Springer Netherlands, 6 Sept. 2016, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11269-016-1487-3. Fisher, Monica, and Paul A lewin. â€Å"Household, Community, and Policy Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Malawi.† May 2004.

Essay about F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Any American is taught a dream that is purged of all truth. The American Dream is shown to the world as a belief that anyone can do anything; when in reality, life is filled with impossible boundaries. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gives us a glimpse into the life of the upper class during the roaring twenties through the eyes of a moralistic young man named Nick Carraway. It is through the narrators dealings with the upper class that the reader is shown how modern values have transformed the American Dreams pure ideals into a scheme for materialistic power, and how the world of the upper class lacks any sense of morals or consequence. In order to support Fitzgeralds message†¦show more content†¦The content of the schedule and what it was written on shows two more of the qualities that are part of being an American hero: hard-working ambition and a thirst for adventure. Fitzgerald places much emphasis on the longing Jay Gatsby, who symbolizes one of the main characteristics of the American dream: everlasting hope. Gatsbys desire to win Daisys love is his version of the old American dream: an incredible goal and a constant search for the opportunity to reach this goal. This is shown when Gatsby is first introduced into the novel. It is late at night and we find him with his hands in his pocketsÂ… out to determine what share was his of our local heavens. While Nick continues to watch Gatsbys movements he says: he [Gatsby] stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward-and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock (21-22). The green light that Gatsby reaches out for symbolizes his longing; his longing for Daisy, for money, for acceptance and no matter how much he has, he never feels complete. This green light is part of the American Dream. It symbolizes our constant searching for a way to reach that goal just of in the distance, as Nick described it, Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by yearShow MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald tells the tragic story of two star-crossed lovers. Fitzgerald uses the Roaring Twenties as the setting of this novel. The twenties were a time of promiscuity, new money, and a significant amount of illegal alcohol. Fitzgerald was a master of his craft and there was often more to the story than just the basic plot. He could intertwine political messages and a gripping story flawlessly. In the case of The Great Gatsby, he not only chronicles a love story, butRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby885 Words   |  3 Pagesmany people throughout history. Although the dream has its own distinct aspects througho ut different time periods, it predominantly focuses on the foundations of wealth, success and a desire for something greater. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s fiction novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby, the protagonist, is primarily known for the numerous lavish parties he throws each weekend at his ostentatious mansion in West Egg in an attempt to reunite with Daisy Buchanan, a woman he falls in love with prior to enteringRead More F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s Portrayal of the Twenties F. Scott Fitzgerald was accurate in his portrayal of the aristocratic flamboyancy and indifference of the 1920s. In his novel, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald explores many aspects of indifference and flamboyancy. A large influence on this society was the pursuit of the American Dream. Gangsters played a heavily influential role in the new money aristocracy of the 1920s. The indifference was mainly due to the advent of Prohibition in 1920. One majorRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay913 Words   |  4 Pages The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. â€Å"In the years immediately after the completion of The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald was unable to provide his art with any such endorsement† (Collins). Fitzgerald was unable to get his book published because of insufficient funds. According to Harris, â€Å"F Scott Fitzgerald wrote his greatest novel in France in 1924, having exiled himself in order to get some work done† (Harris). The best novel Fitzgerald has written he wrote when he was in France. AccordingRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby â€Å"So The Great Gatsby house at West Egg glittered with all the lights of the twenties, there were was always Gatsby’s supplicating hand, reaching out to make glamour with what he had lost be cruel chance...of how little Gatsby wanted at bottom-not to understand society, but to ape it†(21-22). The Great Gatsby by F.Read MoreA Review of F Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby851 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald created a modern masterpiece in his work The Great Gatsby, despite the novels earl ill reception. The work is a complex piece which tries to make sense of a strange concept of modernity within a classical sense of history. In the work, Fitzgerald illustrates the importance of allusion in the creation of character building, but also as a way for Fitzgerald to stray away from previous literary techniques and create motifs and themes that were entirely his ownRead MoreEssay on F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby968 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s was a time of excess and growth. Economically, it was a time for great financial gain. Largely because of improvements in technology, productivity increased while overall production costs decreased, and the economy grew. Not only was this time filled with prosperity, but corruption as well. People who had previously worked day and night finally acquired leisure time. Some of the most wealthy people made the choice to fill this free time with gluttony and lust. Many authorsRead More F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The greatness of an individual can be defined in terms far beyond tangible accomplishments. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic American novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsbys greatness comes from his need to experience success and his will to achieve his dreams. Nick Carraway narrates the story, and his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, is Gatsbys love. 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In the novel, West Egg and its residents represent the newly rich, while East Egg represents the old aristocracy. Gatsby seeking the past, Daisy is obsessed with material things, Myrtle wanting Tom to escape her poverty, George believing that T.J. Eckleburg is God, and Tom believing he is untouchable because of his power and wealth are all examples of the illusion

Care of the Older Person for Recreational Safety - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCare of the Older Person for Recreational Safety. Answer: Falls Among Older Adults: A fall is a sudden event that cause a person to come to rest on the ground or lower level unintentionally due to some major inherent events like stroke and seizure. This is mostly seen in elderly people that threaten their independence and cause many socioeconomic consequences. They are more prone to this event because they undergo normal changes in muscular activity due to aging. Along with this, they have poor eyesight, poor hearing, less strength and balance. Side effects of some medication such as medicines for depression, high blood pressure and some sleeping peels can also cause this event. Unsteadiness of feet may also occur due to some medicines for diabetes and improper heart conditions. One out of five falls event there are instances of serious injuries. It results in the hospitalization and in the extension of staying period that often cause many adverse conditions and complicated consequences. Many falls do not cause any serious injuries but only one out of all five falls that cause serious injury includes broken bone and head injury. Broken bones include bones in wrist, ankle, arm and hip fractures as well. Head injury may result due to intake of medications like blood thinners that may cause brain injury like hematoma. Some falls may results in psychological problems as well. There are many instances that many people who fall are even not injured, but a fear of falling engulfed them that in turn hampers their everyday activities. They become weaker that again increases their chance of falling. It has been reported that over 800,000 patients are hospitalized in a year due to fall injury like head or hip fracture (Cdc.gov, 2018) Fall has both intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Some studies suggested that reduced executive function in elderly people acts as a predictor of risk of fall (Mathias et al. 2016). One of the most important intrinsic factor is age, as incidence in fall generally increase with age. Gender also acts as a factor. As compared to young men and women, it has been found that elderly women are more prone to fall and are more likely to occur fracture during fall. Beside all these, medicines like benzodiazepine, psychotropic, class I a anti-arrhythmic medications, sedatives increase the risk of fall significantly (Milos et al. 2014). Some diseased conditions like if a person suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, circulatory diseases, depression and arthritis is also at increased risk of falling (Hakamy et al. 2018). Another important risk is nutritional deficiencies like vitamin D deficiency and a low body mass index. These are most common in elderly people that often lead to muscle weakness and osteoporosis that also increase their risk of falling (Uusi-Rasi et al. 2015). Extrinsic risk factors includes environmental hazards like poor lighting, unevenness in surfaces, slippery floors, inappropriate footwear and clothing also increases the chances of falling. Falls can be prevented by various means like taking healthy and nutritious foods and drinking enough amount of water. If a healthy and an active lifestyle is maintained by doing regular exercise like tai chi, muscle weakening and stiffening of joints can be reduced (Wayne et al. 2015). Taking only prescribed medicines, wearing comfortable, firm fitting shoes, avoiding walking in shocks, using walking aids during movement are also some preventive measures. If a person in suffering from eyesight impairment, it is advised to check eyes regularly to avoid falling. Home should be made clear so that pathways remain even and clean. The current strategic approach for preventing falls and fracture comprises of three stages. Firstly, it identifies those older people group who are suffering from high risks, secondly it assesses the risk factors for falls and injury in detail and lastly it gives some interventions to reduce the risk factors that are identified (Ambrose, Cruz and Paul 2015). Nursing assessment includes assessing the circumstance that is associated to increase the fall risk level upon admission and any cognitive or physical alteration. This can be assessed by using standard assessment tools. Assessment on history of falls, changes in mental status, symptoms related to disease and medication should be done. The Fall Risk Assessment Tool ( FRAT) comprises of many scales and are readily available, but some health care professionals are often unaware of many existing scales and do not even know how to select an appropriate one. There are several scales present in this tool that can be confidently used to prevent the risk of fall. Generally, nursing assessment tools that are used to assess intrinsic characteristics of patients, are considered as the most appropriate and potent tool for preventing the risk of fall (Matarese et al. 2015). The above mentioned knowledge is required for my future nursing practice. Being a new graduate nurse, I should learn to take proper action to prevent this risk of fall and severe injuries. I should give nursing interventions to patients after admitting to hospitals or nursing homes. This will be better to provide a secure wristband to patients who are at high risk of falling. I should transfer patient to a room that is nearby to nurses station. This in turn helps to provide a constant observation to patients and quick response to their calls. I should keep the bed at the lowest possible heights from the floor to reduce the risk of falling and serious injury. It is better to place mattress on the floor that reduces the fall risk significantly. I should place items like call light, water, telephone and urinal that are used by the patient within their easy reach. This may reduce the risk of falling. I should quickly response to call light to stop the patient from getting out of bed. I s hould provide bed to patients with side rails. Using side rails on bed can prevent some disoriented or confused patient from falling, since they are more likely to fall seeing one of the four side rails in down position (Vandenberg et al. 2017). I should inform the hospital authority to light hospital rooms properly especially during night time in order to limit the risks of fall for patients having reduced visual capacity. I, being a new graduate nurse, should encourage patients to put on nonskid footwear. This provide sure footing and also diminish foot and toe lifting while walking. I should not rearrange the furniture for familiarizing the patient about the layout of the room. Heavy furniture should be provided that will not tip over when patient used this as a support. I should maintain the primary pathways clear and straight as much as possible. I should provide patient a firm seated chair having arms on both sides that will help them to get out easily. As mentioned earlier, c ertain medication can also enhance the risk of falling. I should collate with other health care members to examine the peak effects of prescribed drugs. It has been reported that taking many medications at a time can increase drug-drug interactions and hence amplify the side effects. This results in dizziness, drowsiness, hypotension like symptoms and enhance the risk factor fall (Stam et al. 2016). So, I should allow patient to participate in regular exercise and gait training program. This will results increase in muscular strength, improvement of balance and enhancement of bone density. I should inform patient who are suffering from eyesight problems and hearing difficulties, to wear eyeglasses and put hearing aids respectively. This will reduce the risk since visual impairment can greatly increase the risks of fall. During transformation of patients from bed to chair, I should provide them with gait belts to promote safety. Beside this, I can also provide other assistive aids such as walkers, wheelchairs and canes for improving their stability and balance during ambulating. Patients who are at high risk, I should arrange a hip pa d for them that may reduce the risk of hip fracture in case of further falling. It has been reported that patients suffer from delirium are associated with high risk of fall (Babine et al. 2016). Those who are facing the onset of confusion and restlessness, I should provide them with reality orientation that decreases their confusion and also reduces the risk of fall. I should tell them not to use wheelchairs as much as possible as they serve as a limitation in moving. I should teach them to use handrails in bathroom for more safety. Improvement of home supports can also relieve anxiety in patients. I should inform their family members to provide them proper nutrition to increase vitamin D level. Calcium and vitamin D supplements are needed by the patients to increase bone strength (Halfon, Phan, and Teta 2015). This can be concluded that though risk of falls are highly associated with elderly people yet there are many preventive measures available. This essay mentioned that due to some risk factors older people are more prone to this risk. It also proposed some strategies of prevention and some measures that will guide them properly to control their movement. It also highlighted that several drug interactions may also increase the risk of fall largely. Some dietary supplements and regular exercises can increase their bone density and musclular strength. Lastly, it reflected on gaps in knowledge and plans for various nursing interventions that a newly graduate nurse should follow to cope up with this situation. References: Ambrose, A.F., Cruz, L. and Paul, G., 2015. Falls and fractures: a systematic approach to screening and prevention. Maturitas, 82(1), pp.85-93. Babine, R.L., Hyrks, K.E., Bachand, D.A., Chapman, J.L., Fuller, V.J., Honess, C.A. and Wierman, H.R., 2016. Falls in a tertiary care hospitalassociation with delirium: a replication study. Psychosomatics, 57(3), pp.273-282. Cdc.gov. (2018). Important Facts about Falls | Home and Recreational Safety | CDC Injury Center. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/adultfalls.html [Accessed 30 Apr. 2018]. Hakamy, A., Bolton, C.E., Gibson, J.E. and McKeever, T.M., 2018. Risk of fall in patients with COPD. Thorax, pp.thoraxjnl-2017. Halfon, M., Phan, O. and Teta, D., 2015. Vitamin D: a review on its effects on muscle strength, the risk of fall, and frailty. BioMed research international, 2015. Matarese, M., Ivziku, D., Bartolozzi, F., Piredda, M. and De Marinis, M.G., 2015. Systematic review of fall risk screening tools for older patients in acute hospitals. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(6), pp.1198-1209. Mathias, P.A., Jidesh, V., Kanagaraj, R.R. and DSouza, V., 2016. Is Executive function a significant predictor for risk of fall among elderly population?A cross sectional study. International Journal of Therapies and Rehabilitation Research, 5(4), pp.126-129. Milos, V., Bondesson, ., Magnusson, M., Jakobsson, U., Westerlund, T. and Midlv, P., 2014. Fall risk-increasing drugs and falls: a cross-sectional study among elderly patients in primary care. BMC geriatrics, 14(1), p.40. Stam, H., Harting, T., Sluijs, M.V.D., Marum, R.V., Horst, H.V.D., Wouden, J.C.V.D. and Maarsingh, O.R., 2016. Usual care and management of fall risk increasing drugs in older dizzy patients in Dutch general practice. Scandinavian journal of primary health care, 34(2), pp.165-171. Uusi-Rasi, K., Patil, R., Karinkanta, S., Kannus, P., Tokola, K., Lamberg-Allardt, C. and Sievnen, H., 2015. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 175(5), pp.703-711. Vandenberg, A.E., van Beijnum, B.J., Overdevest, V.G., Capezuti, E. and Johnson, T.M., 2017. US and Dutch nurse experiences with fall prevention technology within nursing home environment and workflow: A qualitative study. Geriatric nursing, 38(4), pp.276-282. Wayne, P.M., Hausdorff, J.M., Lough, M., Gow, B.J., Lipsitz, L., Novak, V., Macklin, E.A., Peng, C.K. and Manor, B., 2015. Tai chi training may reduce dual task gait variability, a potential mediator of fall risk, in healthy older adults: cross-sectional and randomized trial studies. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9, p.332.

Marketing Management A Contemporary Perspective †Free Sample

Question: Janice works in the production department of a book printing firm. Her role involves collating printed documents, binding them and preparing them ready for shipment to the customer. She has no direct contact with the customer and believes that she has no responsibility for quality management. If a mistake in the print run is made, then she is not responsible. Her responsibility is just to take the printed material, collate it, bind it and ship it. Janice has reasonable communication and interpersonal skills. She is friendly and gets along well with her coworkers. Although Janice prepares the products ready for shipment she does not address them. In fact, if you asked her, she would not be able to tell you who the organisations customers were. As far as she is concerned all the knowledge about customerswho they are and what they actually wantis processed by other people in the organisation. All she does is work on the production line. This means that as far as she is concerned, she has no responsibility for customer service. Other people in the organisation are employed to provide customer service because they are good at it. What is wrong herewith Janices attitude and with the organisational system? How do you think attitudes like Janices impact on other employees, on the suppliercustomer chain and on the organisations outcomes? What do you think should be done to make Janice more aware of her responsibilities toward the organisations customers? Why is it necessary that she understands that she has a very definite role to play with regard to customer service? How can these problems be overcome? Answer: This study deals with a scenario where Janice was responsible to work for the Production Department. The Key responsibility of Janice was to collate the printed documents, bind it and prepare for shipment. Janice was not ready to take any additional responsibilities for any matter. In this study, the negative attitude of Janice is explained and her inability to understand the importance of customer service prevailing in an organization. Background of the case study This present case study includes Janice who works in the Production Department of a book printing firm. Janice was responsible to collate printed documents, bind it and prepare it for the final shipment to the customers (Wilson et al. 2012). This study focuses on the key issues in checking the attitude of Janice in customer service attention. It is necessary to remind Janice on matters relating to attaining customers and communicating with them in the most appropriate way. Identification of issue with Janice attitude towards the organizational system Janices attitude will affect the organizational system in an adverse manner. She believes that addressing the customer and maintaining relation with them does not come under Job description and Job Specifications. As she is working in the production department, she should look into the matters regarding processing line channels of book printing firm in an overall manner (Jasmand et al. 2012). She is not interested in addressing the customers and only focuses mainly on the production line for future business activities. Impact of Janices attitude on other employees, suppliers, customers and on the organization outcomes This negative attitude of Janice affects other employees in the organization. It is important to make her understand that each employee should communicate with its customers and higher authority for the same. She is good at communication as well as interpersonal skills. However, she fails to address customer service, which is an important element in an organization (Homburg et al. 2013). Employees working in an organization should have a clear understanding of their regular customers, markets, product offerings in an overall manner. Responsibilities of Janice towards the customers of an organization It is necessary to make Janice understand her importance and role in the attainment of customer service processes in an organization. Maintaining good customer service will enable to reach customer satisfaction level in the future business activities. Customers will spread good word of mouth communication if they are satisfied with the given services offered by a particular organization. In other words, retention of existing customers is very important for an organization. Retention is cost-effective in comparison to acquisition of new customers for the same. It is advisable for Janice to understand the roles in the most appropriate way (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012). She should have a clear idea on matters relating to organizations customers and its products offerings for the same. She should understand the fact that customer service requires urgent attention by the employees working in an organization. Scalar chain is a management concept, which signifies that employees should share a n equal responsibility among the team members. It is advisable to help each other in time of need and work well in an organization. Coordination is required among the team members so that each understands their key responsibilities and work accordingly in an overall manner (Kotler et al. 2014). Literal meaning of customer service is meeting the needs as well as expectations in accordance with the requirements of an organization. Role of Janice in the customer service process in an organization It is necessary to make Janice understand her importance and role in the attainment of customer service process in an organization. Maintaining good customer service will enable to reach customer satisfaction level in future business activities. Customers will spread good word of mouth communication if they are satisfied with the given services offered by a particular organization. In other words, retention of existing customers is very important for an organization. Retention is cost-effective in comparison with acquisition of new customers for the same. It is advisable to Janice to understand the roles in the most appropriate way (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012). She should have clear idea on matters relating to organizations customers and its products offerings for the same. She should understand the fact that customer service requires urgent attention by the employees working in an organization. Scalar chain is a management concept that signifies that employees should share equal resp onsibility among the team members. It is advisable to help each other in time of need and work well in an organization. Coordination is required among the team members so that each understands their key responsibilities and work accordingly in an overall manner (Kotler et al. 2014). Literal meaning of customer service is meeting the needs as well as expectations in accordance with the requirements of an organization. Conclusion From the above study, it is easy to gather the facts that Janice needs to have regarding the relevant ideas on products offerings and background of the organization. It is necessary for Janice to involve in customer service processes and meet the expectations of the customers for the same. Her negative attitude towards customer service has an adverse impact on the smooth running of the business enterprise in an overall manner. Reference List Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Homburg, C., Kuester, S., and Krohmer, H. (2013).Marketing management: A contemporary perspective. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jasmand, C., Blazevic, V., and de Ruyter, K. (2012). Generating sales while providing service: A study of customer service representatives' ambidextrous behavior.Journal of Marketing,76(1), 20-37. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Ancarani, F., and Costabile, M. (2014).Marketing management 14/e. Pearson. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., and Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm(No. 2nd Eu). McGraw Hill. Wilson, R. M., and Gilligan, C. (2012).Strategic marketing management. Routledge.