Malawi Food Insecurity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1002 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Food Insecurity Essay Did you like this example? Every living thing requires food in order to survive. Human beings require plenty of food supply to survive in all seasons and when they have shortage of food they will suffer from hunger and it may results in getting malnutrition diseases. Africa is one of the continent that experiences food insecurity most of the time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malawi: Food Insecurity" essay for you Create order Some African countries like Malawi have been known to be experiencing shortage of food most of the time due to some factors. People in Malawi experience shortage of food due to some factors such as frequent drought, water scarcity, price of maize, fertilizers and distance to market. Environmental: Drought and Maize Planting People in Malawi depend on maize as their stable food. Maize production is high when there is no drought and low when there is drought. For many years Malawi has been known to experience droughts for many years which led to low production of maize and thus making people to lack food. Kondwani et al. found that abought 97% of the farmers in Malawi plant maize because they see maize farming as the easiest one and does not require a lot of materials when planting (insert page). People cultivate their lands only and plant theirs maize when their good rainfall. According to Kondwani et al. the â€Å"drought of 1990s and 2000s significantly reduced maize production and led to famine in many areas of Malawi† (2). Drought makes everywhere to be dry thus making maize farming impossible. In some years ago, drought was seen as the factor that led to food insecurity in Malawi. Environmental: Irrigation and Maize Harvest Water is so useful in plantation of crops. Some crops needs irrigation in order to produce high yields and thus irrigation cannot work when there is shortage of water. Malawi is one of the country that experience scarcity of water which has led to shortage of food because irrigation cannot be applied. People only depend on rain to plant their food crops such as maize and they are not able to plant crops like rice which requires irrigation. In a TED Talk on â€Å"harnessing wind† for power, Kamkwaba, a citizen-scholar and community activist, discussed how he build the wind mill that generated electricity for pumping water in rural of Malawi. He says the electricity assisted people to do irrigation because people in rural areas were lacking water for doing irrigation. Scarcity of one water is one of the factor that causes food insecurity because people are not able to do irrigation without plenty water. Economics: The Cost of Maize When maize production is low the price of maize will be high because the demand will be high and supply is low. People who have less money will not be affording to buy maize at the market price and thus causing famine in their homes. Fisher and Lewin reported in their community study that due to drought which occurs most of the time in Malawi, the production of maize has been low which has led to high demand and making their prices to be high. People in rural areas of Malawi are not able to buy maize at that price because they don’t have enough money thus making them to stay without food. High Price of maize has led to food insecurity in Malawi because people are not able to buy food. Economics: The Cost of Fertilizer Additionally, price of fertilizers causes food insecurity in Malawi. Every crop that is being planted needs fertilizers to add nutrients thus making it to produce high yields. Fisher and Lewin noted that when the price of fertilizers is high , most people are not affording to buy at that high price. They plant their crops without fertilizers which leads to low production of their yields. In Malawi most the people which plants maize are not able to get fertilizers and they end up planting without. The production will low because maize will get nutrients which are necessary for making food. This has led to high percentage of food insecurity in Malawi. Economics Environment: Distance Additionally, distance to market is one of the main factor that has led to food insecurity in Malawi. People who live in urban centers depend on food from farmers who do farming in rural areas. The farmers may be having plenty of food in rural areas but it difficult for them to get to market. The country of Malawi have poor infrastructures which makes farmers to experience huge loses because most of their products will get spoil before getting to market. People who expect these food will end up starving because no food will reach the market. Some other people may be living too far from market and they may not be able to get market to buy food thus staying without food. In conclusion, the government of Malawi should subsidize the price of fertilizers so that everyone will afford to purchase. This will make the production of to be high because everyone will be able to put enough fertilizers on their crops. When there is high production of maize, the demand for maize goes down thus making their price to fall. People will be able to buy maize at low price and everyone will be able to get food. The government of Malawi also should provide grants for windmill constructions. Windmills will assist people over dry seasons in pumping water for irrigation and other uses. The government of Malawi also should improve bank infrastructure to funnel money to projects and people in need. Lastly the government of Malawi should set aside emergency funds for drought and other unexpected things. Work Cited Kamkwamba, William. â€Å"William Kamkwamba: How I Harnessed the Wind (TED Talks, 2009).† YouTube, YouTube, 14 Mar. 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QkNxt7MpWM. Msowoya, Kondwani, et al. â€Å"Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa.† SpringerLink, Springer Netherlands, 6 Sept. 2016, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11269-016-1487-3. Fisher, Monica, and Paul A lewin. â€Å"Household, Community, and Policy Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Malawi.† May 2004.

Essay about F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Any American is taught a dream that is purged of all truth. The American Dream is shown to the world as a belief that anyone can do anything; when in reality, life is filled with impossible boundaries. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gives us a glimpse into the life of the upper class during the roaring twenties through the eyes of a moralistic young man named Nick Carraway. It is through the narrators dealings with the upper class that the reader is shown how modern values have transformed the American Dreams pure ideals into a scheme for materialistic power, and how the world of the upper class lacks any sense of morals or consequence. In order to support Fitzgeralds message†¦show more content†¦The content of the schedule and what it was written on shows two more of the qualities that are part of being an American hero: hard-working ambition and a thirst for adventure. Fitzgerald places much emphasis on the longing Jay Gatsby, who symbolizes one of the main characteristics of the American dream: everlasting hope. Gatsbys desire to win Daisys love is his version of the old American dream: an incredible goal and a constant search for the opportunity to reach this goal. This is shown when Gatsby is first introduced into the novel. It is late at night and we find him with his hands in his pocketsÂ… out to determine what share was his of our local heavens. While Nick continues to watch Gatsbys movements he says: he [Gatsby] stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward-and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock (21-22). The green light that Gatsby reaches out for symbolizes his longing; his longing for Daisy, for money, for acceptance and no matter how much he has, he never feels complete. This green light is part of the American Dream. It symbolizes our constant searching for a way to reach that goal just of in the distance, as Nick described it, Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by yearShow MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald tells the tragic story of two star-crossed lovers. Fitzgerald uses the Roaring Twenties as the setting of this novel. The twenties were a time of promiscuity, new money, and a significant amount of illegal alcohol. Fitzgerald was a master of his craft and there was often more to the story than just the basic plot. He could intertwine political messages and a gripping story flawlessly. In the case of The Great Gatsby, he not only chronicles a love story, butRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby885 Words   |  3 Pagesmany people throughout history. Although the dream has its own distinct aspects througho ut different time periods, it predominantly focuses on the foundations of wealth, success and a desire for something greater. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s fiction novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby, the protagonist, is primarily known for the numerous lavish parties he throws each weekend at his ostentatious mansion in West Egg in an attempt to reunite with Daisy Buchanan, a woman he falls in love with prior to enteringRead More F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s Portrayal of the Twenties F. Scott Fitzgerald was accurate in his portrayal of the aristocratic flamboyancy and indifference of the 1920s. In his novel, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald explores many aspects of indifference and flamboyancy. A large influence on this society was the pursuit of the American Dream. Gangsters played a heavily influential role in the new money aristocracy of the 1920s. The indifference was mainly due to the advent of Prohibition in 1920. One majorRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay913 Words   |  4 Pages The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. â€Å"In the years immediately after the completion of The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald was unable to provide his art with any such endorsement† (Collins). Fitzgerald was unable to get his book published because of insufficient funds. According to Harris, â€Å"F Scott Fitzgerald wrote his greatest novel in France in 1924, having exiled himself in order to get some work done† (Harris). The best novel Fitzgerald has written he wrote when he was in France. AccordingRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby â€Å"So The Great Gatsby house at West Egg glittered with all the lights of the twenties, there were was always Gatsby’s supplicating hand, reaching out to make glamour with what he had lost be cruel chance...of how little Gatsby wanted at bottom-not to understand society, but to ape it†(21-22). The Great Gatsby by F.Read MoreA Review of F Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby851 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald created a modern masterpiece in his work The Great Gatsby, despite the novels earl ill reception. The work is a complex piece which tries to make sense of a strange concept of modernity within a classical sense of history. In the work, Fitzgerald illustrates the importance of allusion in the creation of character building, but also as a way for Fitzgerald to stray away from previous literary techniques and create motifs and themes that were entirely his ownRead MoreEssay on F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby968 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s was a time of excess and growth. Economically, it was a time for great financial gain. Largely because of improvements in technology, productivity increased while overall production costs decreased, and the economy grew. Not only was this time filled with prosperity, but corruption as well. People who had previously worked day and night finally acquired leisure time. Some of the most wealthy people made the choice to fill this free time with gluttony and lust. Many authorsRead More F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The greatness of an individual can be defined in terms far beyond tangible accomplishments. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic American novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsbys greatness comes from his need to experience success and his will to achieve his dreams. Nick Carraway narrates the story, and his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, is Gatsbys love. Daisy, however, is married to Tom Buchanan, a wealthy, arrogant womanizer who despises Gatsby. Gatsby feels theRead More F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pages Wealth, Love, and the American Dream nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It has been said that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is about the pursuit of the American dream. It has also been said that the novel is about love, ambition, and obsession. Perhaps both are true. Combined, these themes may be understood in their most basic forms among the relationships within the novel. After all, each character’s reason for belonging to a relationship speaks very strongly of what really makes him tick;Read MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pages In the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters live in an illusory world and only some can see past this. In the novel, West Egg and its residents represent the newly rich, while East Egg represents the old aristocracy. Gatsby seeking the past, Daisy is obsessed with material things, Myrtle wanting Tom to escape her poverty, George believing that T.J. Eckleburg is God, and Tom believing he is untouchable because of his power and wealth are all examples of the illusion

Care of the Older Person for Recreational Safety - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCare of the Older Person for Recreational Safety. Answer: Falls Among Older Adults: A fall is a sudden event that cause a person to come to rest on the ground or lower level unintentionally due to some major inherent events like stroke and seizure. This is mostly seen in elderly people that threaten their independence and cause many socioeconomic consequences. They are more prone to this event because they undergo normal changes in muscular activity due to aging. Along with this, they have poor eyesight, poor hearing, less strength and balance. Side effects of some medication such as medicines for depression, high blood pressure and some sleeping peels can also cause this event. Unsteadiness of feet may also occur due to some medicines for diabetes and improper heart conditions. One out of five falls event there are instances of serious injuries. It results in the hospitalization and in the extension of staying period that often cause many adverse conditions and complicated consequences. Many falls do not cause any serious injuries but only one out of all five falls that cause serious injury includes broken bone and head injury. Broken bones include bones in wrist, ankle, arm and hip fractures as well. Head injury may result due to intake of medications like blood thinners that may cause brain injury like hematoma. Some falls may results in psychological problems as well. There are many instances that many people who fall are even not injured, but a fear of falling engulfed them that in turn hampers their everyday activities. They become weaker that again increases their chance of falling. It has been reported that over 800,000 patients are hospitalized in a year due to fall injury like head or hip fracture (Cdc.gov, 2018) Fall has both intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Some studies suggested that reduced executive function in elderly people acts as a predictor of risk of fall (Mathias et al. 2016). One of the most important intrinsic factor is age, as incidence in fall generally increase with age. Gender also acts as a factor. As compared to young men and women, it has been found that elderly women are more prone to fall and are more likely to occur fracture during fall. Beside all these, medicines like benzodiazepine, psychotropic, class I a anti-arrhythmic medications, sedatives increase the risk of fall significantly (Milos et al. 2014). Some diseased conditions like if a person suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, circulatory diseases, depression and arthritis is also at increased risk of falling (Hakamy et al. 2018). Another important risk is nutritional deficiencies like vitamin D deficiency and a low body mass index. These are most common in elderly people that often lead to muscle weakness and osteoporosis that also increase their risk of falling (Uusi-Rasi et al. 2015). Extrinsic risk factors includes environmental hazards like poor lighting, unevenness in surfaces, slippery floors, inappropriate footwear and clothing also increases the chances of falling. Falls can be prevented by various means like taking healthy and nutritious foods and drinking enough amount of water. If a healthy and an active lifestyle is maintained by doing regular exercise like tai chi, muscle weakening and stiffening of joints can be reduced (Wayne et al. 2015). Taking only prescribed medicines, wearing comfortable, firm fitting shoes, avoiding walking in shocks, using walking aids during movement are also some preventive measures. If a person in suffering from eyesight impairment, it is advised to check eyes regularly to avoid falling. Home should be made clear so that pathways remain even and clean. The current strategic approach for preventing falls and fracture comprises of three stages. Firstly, it identifies those older people group who are suffering from high risks, secondly it assesses the risk factors for falls and injury in detail and lastly it gives some interventions to reduce the risk factors that are identified (Ambrose, Cruz and Paul 2015). Nursing assessment includes assessing the circumstance that is associated to increase the fall risk level upon admission and any cognitive or physical alteration. This can be assessed by using standard assessment tools. Assessment on history of falls, changes in mental status, symptoms related to disease and medication should be done. The Fall Risk Assessment Tool ( FRAT) comprises of many scales and are readily available, but some health care professionals are often unaware of many existing scales and do not even know how to select an appropriate one. There are several scales present in this tool that can be confidently used to prevent the risk of fall. Generally, nursing assessment tools that are used to assess intrinsic characteristics of patients, are considered as the most appropriate and potent tool for preventing the risk of fall (Matarese et al. 2015). The above mentioned knowledge is required for my future nursing practice. Being a new graduate nurse, I should learn to take proper action to prevent this risk of fall and severe injuries. I should give nursing interventions to patients after admitting to hospitals or nursing homes. This will be better to provide a secure wristband to patients who are at high risk of falling. I should transfer patient to a room that is nearby to nurses station. This in turn helps to provide a constant observation to patients and quick response to their calls. I should keep the bed at the lowest possible heights from the floor to reduce the risk of falling and serious injury. It is better to place mattress on the floor that reduces the fall risk significantly. I should place items like call light, water, telephone and urinal that are used by the patient within their easy reach. This may reduce the risk of falling. I should quickly response to call light to stop the patient from getting out of bed. I s hould provide bed to patients with side rails. Using side rails on bed can prevent some disoriented or confused patient from falling, since they are more likely to fall seeing one of the four side rails in down position (Vandenberg et al. 2017). I should inform the hospital authority to light hospital rooms properly especially during night time in order to limit the risks of fall for patients having reduced visual capacity. I, being a new graduate nurse, should encourage patients to put on nonskid footwear. This provide sure footing and also diminish foot and toe lifting while walking. I should not rearrange the furniture for familiarizing the patient about the layout of the room. Heavy furniture should be provided that will not tip over when patient used this as a support. I should maintain the primary pathways clear and straight as much as possible. I should provide patient a firm seated chair having arms on both sides that will help them to get out easily. As mentioned earlier, c ertain medication can also enhance the risk of falling. I should collate with other health care members to examine the peak effects of prescribed drugs. It has been reported that taking many medications at a time can increase drug-drug interactions and hence amplify the side effects. This results in dizziness, drowsiness, hypotension like symptoms and enhance the risk factor fall (Stam et al. 2016). So, I should allow patient to participate in regular exercise and gait training program. This will results increase in muscular strength, improvement of balance and enhancement of bone density. I should inform patient who are suffering from eyesight problems and hearing difficulties, to wear eyeglasses and put hearing aids respectively. This will reduce the risk since visual impairment can greatly increase the risks of fall. During transformation of patients from bed to chair, I should provide them with gait belts to promote safety. Beside this, I can also provide other assistive aids such as walkers, wheelchairs and canes for improving their stability and balance during ambulating. Patients who are at high risk, I should arrange a hip pa d for them that may reduce the risk of hip fracture in case of further falling. It has been reported that patients suffer from delirium are associated with high risk of fall (Babine et al. 2016). Those who are facing the onset of confusion and restlessness, I should provide them with reality orientation that decreases their confusion and also reduces the risk of fall. I should tell them not to use wheelchairs as much as possible as they serve as a limitation in moving. I should teach them to use handrails in bathroom for more safety. Improvement of home supports can also relieve anxiety in patients. I should inform their family members to provide them proper nutrition to increase vitamin D level. Calcium and vitamin D supplements are needed by the patients to increase bone strength (Halfon, Phan, and Teta 2015). This can be concluded that though risk of falls are highly associated with elderly people yet there are many preventive measures available. This essay mentioned that due to some risk factors older people are more prone to this risk. It also proposed some strategies of prevention and some measures that will guide them properly to control their movement. It also highlighted that several drug interactions may also increase the risk of fall largely. Some dietary supplements and regular exercises can increase their bone density and musclular strength. Lastly, it reflected on gaps in knowledge and plans for various nursing interventions that a newly graduate nurse should follow to cope up with this situation. References: Ambrose, A.F., Cruz, L. and Paul, G., 2015. Falls and fractures: a systematic approach to screening and prevention. Maturitas, 82(1), pp.85-93. Babine, R.L., Hyrks, K.E., Bachand, D.A., Chapman, J.L., Fuller, V.J., Honess, C.A. and Wierman, H.R., 2016. Falls in a tertiary care hospitalassociation with delirium: a replication study. Psychosomatics, 57(3), pp.273-282. Cdc.gov. (2018). Important Facts about Falls | Home and Recreational Safety | CDC Injury Center. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/adultfalls.html [Accessed 30 Apr. 2018]. Hakamy, A., Bolton, C.E., Gibson, J.E. and McKeever, T.M., 2018. Risk of fall in patients with COPD. Thorax, pp.thoraxjnl-2017. Halfon, M., Phan, O. and Teta, D., 2015. Vitamin D: a review on its effects on muscle strength, the risk of fall, and frailty. BioMed research international, 2015. Matarese, M., Ivziku, D., Bartolozzi, F., Piredda, M. and De Marinis, M.G., 2015. Systematic review of fall risk screening tools for older patients in acute hospitals. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(6), pp.1198-1209. Mathias, P.A., Jidesh, V., Kanagaraj, R.R. and DSouza, V., 2016. Is Executive function a significant predictor for risk of fall among elderly population?A cross sectional study. International Journal of Therapies and Rehabilitation Research, 5(4), pp.126-129. Milos, V., Bondesson, ., Magnusson, M., Jakobsson, U., Westerlund, T. and Midlv, P., 2014. Fall risk-increasing drugs and falls: a cross-sectional study among elderly patients in primary care. BMC geriatrics, 14(1), p.40. Stam, H., Harting, T., Sluijs, M.V.D., Marum, R.V., Horst, H.V.D., Wouden, J.C.V.D. and Maarsingh, O.R., 2016. Usual care and management of fall risk increasing drugs in older dizzy patients in Dutch general practice. Scandinavian journal of primary health care, 34(2), pp.165-171. Uusi-Rasi, K., Patil, R., Karinkanta, S., Kannus, P., Tokola, K., Lamberg-Allardt, C. and Sievnen, H., 2015. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 175(5), pp.703-711. Vandenberg, A.E., van Beijnum, B.J., Overdevest, V.G., Capezuti, E. and Johnson, T.M., 2017. US and Dutch nurse experiences with fall prevention technology within nursing home environment and workflow: A qualitative study. Geriatric nursing, 38(4), pp.276-282. Wayne, P.M., Hausdorff, J.M., Lough, M., Gow, B.J., Lipsitz, L., Novak, V., Macklin, E.A., Peng, C.K. and Manor, B., 2015. Tai chi training may reduce dual task gait variability, a potential mediator of fall risk, in healthy older adults: cross-sectional and randomized trial studies. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9, p.332.

Marketing Management A Contemporary Perspective †Free Sample

Question: Janice works in the production department of a book printing firm. Her role involves collating printed documents, binding them and preparing them ready for shipment to the customer. She has no direct contact with the customer and believes that she has no responsibility for quality management. If a mistake in the print run is made, then she is not responsible. Her responsibility is just to take the printed material, collate it, bind it and ship it. Janice has reasonable communication and interpersonal skills. She is friendly and gets along well with her coworkers. Although Janice prepares the products ready for shipment she does not address them. In fact, if you asked her, she would not be able to tell you who the organisations customers were. As far as she is concerned all the knowledge about customerswho they are and what they actually wantis processed by other people in the organisation. All she does is work on the production line. This means that as far as she is concerned, she has no responsibility for customer service. Other people in the organisation are employed to provide customer service because they are good at it. What is wrong herewith Janices attitude and with the organisational system? How do you think attitudes like Janices impact on other employees, on the suppliercustomer chain and on the organisations outcomes? What do you think should be done to make Janice more aware of her responsibilities toward the organisations customers? Why is it necessary that she understands that she has a very definite role to play with regard to customer service? How can these problems be overcome? Answer: This study deals with a scenario where Janice was responsible to work for the Production Department. The Key responsibility of Janice was to collate the printed documents, bind it and prepare for shipment. Janice was not ready to take any additional responsibilities for any matter. In this study, the negative attitude of Janice is explained and her inability to understand the importance of customer service prevailing in an organization. Background of the case study This present case study includes Janice who works in the Production Department of a book printing firm. Janice was responsible to collate printed documents, bind it and prepare it for the final shipment to the customers (Wilson et al. 2012). This study focuses on the key issues in checking the attitude of Janice in customer service attention. It is necessary to remind Janice on matters relating to attaining customers and communicating with them in the most appropriate way. Identification of issue with Janice attitude towards the organizational system Janices attitude will affect the organizational system in an adverse manner. She believes that addressing the customer and maintaining relation with them does not come under Job description and Job Specifications. As she is working in the production department, she should look into the matters regarding processing line channels of book printing firm in an overall manner (Jasmand et al. 2012). She is not interested in addressing the customers and only focuses mainly on the production line for future business activities. Impact of Janices attitude on other employees, suppliers, customers and on the organization outcomes This negative attitude of Janice affects other employees in the organization. It is important to make her understand that each employee should communicate with its customers and higher authority for the same. She is good at communication as well as interpersonal skills. However, she fails to address customer service, which is an important element in an organization (Homburg et al. 2013). Employees working in an organization should have a clear understanding of their regular customers, markets, product offerings in an overall manner. Responsibilities of Janice towards the customers of an organization It is necessary to make Janice understand her importance and role in the attainment of customer service processes in an organization. Maintaining good customer service will enable to reach customer satisfaction level in the future business activities. Customers will spread good word of mouth communication if they are satisfied with the given services offered by a particular organization. In other words, retention of existing customers is very important for an organization. Retention is cost-effective in comparison to acquisition of new customers for the same. It is advisable for Janice to understand the roles in the most appropriate way (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012). She should have a clear idea on matters relating to organizations customers and its products offerings for the same. She should understand the fact that customer service requires urgent attention by the employees working in an organization. Scalar chain is a management concept, which signifies that employees should share a n equal responsibility among the team members. It is advisable to help each other in time of need and work well in an organization. Coordination is required among the team members so that each understands their key responsibilities and work accordingly in an overall manner (Kotler et al. 2014). Literal meaning of customer service is meeting the needs as well as expectations in accordance with the requirements of an organization. Role of Janice in the customer service process in an organization It is necessary to make Janice understand her importance and role in the attainment of customer service process in an organization. Maintaining good customer service will enable to reach customer satisfaction level in future business activities. Customers will spread good word of mouth communication if they are satisfied with the given services offered by a particular organization. In other words, retention of existing customers is very important for an organization. Retention is cost-effective in comparison with acquisition of new customers for the same. It is advisable to Janice to understand the roles in the most appropriate way (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012). She should have clear idea on matters relating to organizations customers and its products offerings for the same. She should understand the fact that customer service requires urgent attention by the employees working in an organization. Scalar chain is a management concept that signifies that employees should share equal resp onsibility among the team members. It is advisable to help each other in time of need and work well in an organization. Coordination is required among the team members so that each understands their key responsibilities and work accordingly in an overall manner (Kotler et al. 2014). Literal meaning of customer service is meeting the needs as well as expectations in accordance with the requirements of an organization. Conclusion From the above study, it is easy to gather the facts that Janice needs to have regarding the relevant ideas on products offerings and background of the organization. It is necessary for Janice to involve in customer service processes and meet the expectations of the customers for the same. Her negative attitude towards customer service has an adverse impact on the smooth running of the business enterprise in an overall manner. Reference List Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Homburg, C., Kuester, S., and Krohmer, H. (2013).Marketing management: A contemporary perspective. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jasmand, C., Blazevic, V., and de Ruyter, K. (2012). Generating sales while providing service: A study of customer service representatives' ambidextrous behavior.Journal of Marketing,76(1), 20-37. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Ancarani, F., and Costabile, M. (2014).Marketing management 14/e. Pearson. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., and Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm(No. 2nd Eu). McGraw Hill. Wilson, R. M., and Gilligan, C. (2012).Strategic marketing management. Routledge.

Financial Planning for National Disaster

Abstract Whether natural or fabricated, disasters strike unexpectedly. When they occur, they can cause serious disruptions in the normal way of life of the affected communities. Aftermaths of a major disaster in a society often shatter routines, disrupt jobs, and/or destroy property and people’s lives.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Financial Planning for National Disaster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If it were possible, disasters would be avoided at all cost because the emotional toll, financial impacts, and disruptions that they cause are very traumatic to the affected society. In line with the realisation that it is difficult to stop some hazards that cause disasters from happening, there have been sustained efforts from the international community to focus on disaster risk reduction and disaster planning. This comparative research on Turkey and Mexico presents the financial arrangement for natio nal catastrophes in the two countries. The goal is to shed light the key measures that the two countries have put in place towards reducing and planning for the many risks that are associated with disasters. Introduction Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster Planning are efforts that are undertaken by a given community or a nation towards promoting disaster preparedness and resilience. In the event of a hazard, the losses of property, injuries, loss of lives, and disruptions to the social and economic wellbeing of the society are greatly reduced and/or eliminated altogether (Ragin, 2004). Owing to the enormous financial losses that are associated with disasters, as well as the financial resources that are required to respond and/or to lead recovery plans, financial planning has become a major tenet of the modern disaster risk reduction and disaster planning activities around the world.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This comparative study of Turkey and Mexico discusses the financial planning for national disasters in the two countries with an aim of bringing to the fore the key measures that the two countries have undertaken towards ensuring disaster risk reduction and planning and hence reducing the impact of disasters whenever they occur. Country Profiles and Disaster Management Situations Turkey Turkey is the most disaster-prone country in Europe. It has a long history of natural disasters, majorly earthquakes, which have caused serious disruptions to the Turkish communities in the past (MCEER, n.d). The nation of approximately 80 million people is 80% mountainous. As Sengezer and Koa (2005) confirm, â€Å"Primary and secondary risk zones cover 66% of the country† (p. 173). Geologically, the nation lies at the boundary of the African and Arabian plates, which are both moving towards the north. Following the continuous movement of the p lates, a large-scale fault line of more than 1000 kilometres referred to as the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) has formed from the eastern to the western side in the northern territory of Turkey. Along this fault line, many earthquakes have occurred in Turkey. Figure 1: Map of Turkey Showing the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and other tectonic features Source: (Sengezer Koa, 2005)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Financial Planning for National Disaster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The history of Turkey cannot be precise without a mention of major disasters that claimed thousands of lives in the 20th century. For instance, in 1939, an earthquake struck Erzincan City that is located in the eastern part of Turkey. According to MCEER (n.d), â€Å"This earthquake devastated most of the city and caused approximately 160,000 deaths† (Para. 5). Ranguelov and Bernaerts (n.d), it killed between 30, 000-40, 000 pe ople in addition to economic losses that almost brought the city to closure. The same city was the victim of another earthquake in 1992 where more than 700 people perished. In this last earthquake, although the figure that represented the lost lives was significantly lower than the previous earthquake of 1992, losses that were incurred through damages of property, including collapse of buildings, destruction of social amenities, and devastation of important infrastructures were enormous. In fact, Ranguelov and Bernaerts (n.d) say, â€Å"The famous Erzincan earthquake (M~8.0) on 26 December 1939 generated many effects†¦ as well as big destruction and many human deaths (more than 30-40 000)† (p. 62). The situation required massive financial resources to bring back the city to its previous state. However, the turning point in the approaches to disaster management came after 1999 following the crucial lessons that were learnt from two earthquakes, namely Izmit Earthquake and Duzce Earthquake. The first earthquake, Izmit, occurred in the late 1999 at a magnitude of 7.6. It caused tremendous loss of human lives and property. This earthquake caused the deaths of more than 17,000 people, especially in the hardest-hit Marmara region where over 31, 000 commercial buildings were destroyed (Bibbee et al., 2000).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is estimated that more than 120000 houses were irreparably damaged while between 27000 and 35000 others had to be demolished due to the irretrievable dents. The cost of the earthquake was estimated to be roughly USD3billion. In November 1999, another earthquake, the Duzce, which was approximately 100km from the first earthquake, occurred again along the NAF region. It was recorded to have had a magnitude of 7.2. This earthquake led to death of approximately 1000 people. It brought about numerous injuries and destruction of property. Previously, the disaster management approaches that were used by the Turkish government were focused on disaster recovery. There was no motivation for disaster risk reduction or disaster planning at the time. However, since then, the government and the international community have increased efforts to establish elaborate disaster risk reduction and disaster planning to minimise the impact of the disasters as will be discussed later. The chart below sh ows how the Turkish government has developed an organisational chart that addresses various catastrophe management roles. Mexico Located in the â€Å"fire belt† where more than 80% of the world’s seismic activities occur, Mexico is a nation that has suffered many geological disasters. Further, because of its diverse geographical landscape and climatic conditions, Mexico is exposed to a variety of natural hydro-meteorological hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, wildfires, volcanoes, and droughts. For instance, in the period 1970-2010, more than 60 million people in the country that has a population of 113 million people had been affected by natural disasters. These figures have placed Mexico in the top 30 nations in terms of exposure to three or more natural hazards (World Bank, 2005). Annually, it is estimated that more than 90 earthquakes of a magnitude of more than 4.0 in the Richter scale are recorded in Mexico. Almost all territories in Mexico, includ ing the Mexico City, are located in earthquake-prone zones. In addition to the earthquake risk, Alva-Valdivia et al. (2000) confirm that Mexico City lies within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt that is well known for its nine active volcanoes that have been a major risk to natural disasters in the region. The risk of tsunami is very real in Mexico, especially along the nation’s Mexico Pacific Coast. In addition, hydro-metrological disasters frequently affect the nation where the events range from severe tropical cyclones to heavy rainfall events and high-intensity storms along the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts. The agricultural sector is also faced with the risk of droughts, which can be very disruptive to many people whose main economic activity is farming. The nation has experienced an increased risk of disasters, especially following the evident amplified economic growth and urbanisation. For instance, more than 75% of the population in Mexico lives in urban cities. Mexico Ci ty, which is the world’s fifth largest city, has seen a rapid increase in its population. With the augmented economic wellbeing and urbanisation, more assets, infrastructure, and social amenities have become essential. Consequently, they have increased the risk of loss of lives and property in the region (World Bank, 2005). Another significant risk factor in the Mexican nation is the tendency of people who have lower incomes to conglomerate in high-risk zones such as slums or mountainous areas, as well as exposure to poor quality infrastructure that is susceptible to destruction in case of a natural disaster such as earthquakes or hurricanes. In the past, Mexico had various disasters that had major impacts on the society. Such catastrophes have revolutionised how disaster management approaches and efforts are coordinated. For instance, in 1985, one of the largest earthquakes in the Mexican history occurred. The Mexican city earthquakes of September 19 and 20, 1985 with a magn itude of 8.1 and 7.3 respectively, had the highest impact. They affected millions of people. Firstly, the earthquakes led to the loss of lives of more than 6000 people. They also led to direct and indirect losses that were estimated at USD$8.3billion. They are among the costliest disasters in the history of Mexico (Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d). Almost 87% of the total losses were recorded from the destruction of building and infrastructure while the remaining 13% went to the loss of productivity, increased cost of service provision, loss of income, emergency response, and temporary rehabilitation. More than 1700 schools were damaged while approximately 30% of hospital capacity in the Mexico City was destroyed. More than 250,000 people became homeless while other 900,000 citizens had their homes damaged. In fact, Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (n.d) say, â€Å"More than 400 buildings collapsed, and thousands more were damaged† (Para. 3). Of all the major disa ster occurrences in the history of Mexico, the 1985 Mexico City earthquakes marked an awakening point where the nation of Mexico put more sustainable efforts and emphasis towards disaster risk reduction and disaster planning. Previously, the focus had been on disaster recuperation. However, the impact of these two earthquakes clearly showed that recovery was very costly and that it would cost less to have risk reduction measures to trim down the impact of disasters on the community and nation. Henceforth, Mexico has done a commendable work towards the establishment of disaster risk reduction initiatives that have greatly helped the country in terms of early warning, financial planning, and resilience of the vulnerable communities. Comparison of the Financial Planning for National Disaster in Mexico and Turkey Financial planning for national disaster refers to the efforts that a given nation puts towards disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness to reduce the financial impact of disasters in case they occur. The financial losses that happen in large-scale disasters are highly disruptive. Sometimes, they require the intervention of the international community for the country or the affected communities to recover wholly. If disasters are not anticipated and financially planned for, the risk of delays in post-disaster response often worsens the adverse human and economic consequences. As such, disaster risk reduction efforts offer the best chance for a country to take a proactive role in preventing or drastically reducing the losses that it may suffer in the event of a disaster (Arnold, 2008). Both Turkey and Mexico face high levels of risk for disaster events. Their history is marred by major disaster events, which have marked an awakening point when the need for disaster risk reduction, including financial planning has become evident as the way to go in addressing future disaster occurrences (Stallings, 1997). With the two countries featuring in the top -ten list of nations that have a high risk for natural disasters, with Mexico at position five and Turkey at position 8, the need for disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness can only be ignored at the peril of the two nations. In other words, it is no longer tenable for the two nations to sit and wait for a disaster to occur without initiating any recovery plans. From the two 1999 earthquakes in Turkey, where â€Å"At least 17,118 people were killed, nearly 50,000 injured, thousands missing, about 500,000 people homeless and estimated 3 to 6.5 billion U.S. dollars damage in Istanbul, Kocaeli and Sakarya Provinces† (MCEER, n.d, Para. 20), the government was put in a difficult place. Finances that were meant for other development activities and the provision of services to citizens were diverted and directed towards disaster recovery efforts. More than ever, there was a need for the government to revisit its disaster management and response strategies to ensure that s uch events and disruptions would never face the nation again. In recognition of the need to establish an elaborate disaster risk reduction and management approaches to reduce the economic impact of future disasters on the people and the government, Turkey put forward a ten-year roadmap from 1999 to achieve the goals of a well-established disaster risk reduction and management apparatus. The plan included, â€Å"the establishment of a national information centre for processing of all kinds of earthquake data, such as the preparation of earthquake catalogues and earthquake hazard maps of Turkey† (Bibbee, Gonenc, Jacobs, Konvitz, Price, 2000, p. 19). During this time, a wide consolation and involvement of experts from different organisations such as the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, the USAID, and JICA among other bodies that had an extensive experience in disaster risk reduction efforts around the world were engaged. These efforts were aimed at ensuring su ccessful formation of elaborate policies and authorities that would be in the forefront to coordinate disaster risk reduction efforts in Turkey (Cummins Mahul, 2009). Besides, the framework below was successfully adopted to address disasters in the country. At the end, the government saw that the future of disaster risk reduction lay in the establishment of a central authority that would lead in the coordination of disaster risk reduction efforts that covered preparedness, financial planning, and resilience. The first step in this process was the collapsing of the existing institutions that were focused on disaster management. They had many inadequacies that hindered their capacities to respond to disaster occurrences. The institutions that collapsed included the Directorate General of Civil Defence, Directorate General of Disaster Affairs, and Directorate General of Turkish Emergency Management. Instead, in 2009, a new umbrella body of all organisations that dealt with disaster m anagement was formed. The body became the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (IFAD in Turkey) under the Prime Minister. The IFAD was given enormous resources and authority to be the sole authority in all efforts that were geared towards disaster risk reduction, preparedness, emergency response, and recovery. However, much of the organisation’s efforts have concentrated on preparedness and risk reduction. For instance, the organisation is actively engaged in promoting insurance schemes towards disasters, which have been absent in the nation for a long time. In addition, according to Anan (2011), IFAD recognises the importance of financial planning towards disaster risk reduction. In this case, unlike in the past, the organisation has a strong financial resource base that is allocated by the central government to allow it to carry out disaster risk reduction awareness activities while at the same time responding promptly in the event of a disaster emergency in the cou ntry. The success of the organisation has already been tested and proven, especially during the Elazig Simav and Van earthquakes where the organisation intervened swiftly and responded accordingly to help victims and/or offer disaster recovery plans. Currently, 1% of the national budget of the Turkish government goes to the IFAD, which represents one of the highest percentages of money that is set aside by governments towards DRR in Europe. The situation in Mexico follows almost the same script as that of Turkey. Accordingly, for a very long time, disaster management and coordination efforts were dedicated towards disaster recovery. Very little efforts were focused on disaster risk reduction. Indeed, the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which in its aftermath left over 6000 people dead and over USD$8billion of financial and economic losses, was the awakening point that effectively changed disaster management and coordination efforts in Mexico forever. In the aftermath of the disaster, t he Federal Government of Mexico (GoM) established a National Commission for Reconstruction in October 1985 to coordinate disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts (Arnold, 2008). After the recovery, efforts were commissioned to start the process of ensuring that future disasters would not have such devastating impacts in Mexico. In 1986, the Sistema Nacional de Protection Civil (SINAPROC) was established as an umbrella body for various government bodies, as well as non-governmental organisations whose mandate was to promote engagement between these bodies to ensure that good approaches to future disasters would be deliberated and adopted where necessary. The SINAPROC, which is now under the control of the Ministry of Interior, is charged with the coordination of disaster risk reduction efforts. Under the leadership of SINAPROC, a Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) was established to ensure financial preparedness in the event of a disaster in Mexico. Through this fund, the government of Mexico is now able to dedicate not less that 0.4% of the nation’s budget to disaster risk reduction efforts and recovery. The funds that are available through the kitty can be used to towards emergency response, infrastructure reconstruction, building of low-income housing, and other efforts that are geared towards cushioning the community and government from financial shocks during disasters. While a large share of the budget of FONDEN goes towards disaster recovery, a significant share goes towards disaster risk reduction efforts (Cummins Mahul, 2009). The success of the fund, especially in disaster risk reduction, has been evident through the establishment of an elaborate early warning system for major hazards in the country such as volcanic activities, hurricanes, storms, droughts, and earthquakes, which have helped communities to prepare early or to be evacuated to safety before any disasters strike. A good example is the Hurricane Dean, which did not cause any direc t death in the nation, despite its magnitude. Other success stories of the fund have been evident through the collaboration between SINAPROC, which has ensured consistent adoption of better housing codes such that buildings and infrastructure can withstand earthquakes and hurricanes and hence greatly reduce the impact of the disaster on the society (Cummins Mahul, 2009; Neuman, 2006). In addition, the increasing adoption of insurance covers towards disasters is a clear indication of SINAPROC’s efforts towards the transferring of risk to third parties by property owners to guarantee faster recovery and return to the normal state of affairs in the event of disasters. While Turkey has had better success stories in its financial planning for national disaster efforts, Mexico has also achieved considerable success. Both countries are good examples of how disaster risk reduction efforts can greatly cushion the government and society from extreme impacts of disasters. For better di saster risk reduction efforts, both countries will have to dedicate more resources to financial planning and/or establishing collaborative efforts that will allow more partnerships with other nations and organisations to achieve better results in disaster risk reduction. Discussion The impact of natural and fabricated disasters can cause serious devastations to societies and nations. In many cases, the impacts overwhelm the affected nations’ capacity to cope with the situation. As such, the approach of waiting for disasters to occur to initiate disaster response and recovery efforts is no longer tenable (Twigg, 2004). It is very costly as evidenced in the case of Turkey and Mexico. The aftermath of disasters often leaves nations in economic disasters where they have to appeal to international allies for financial support towards recovery. Therefore, in this case, financial planning and preparedness forms a central tenet of disaster risk reduction, which organisations must ado pt to ensure that they can reduce the impact of disasters while at the same time helping in recovery efforts (McEntire, 2006). The success of financial planning in Turkey and Mexico is a good example of why nations around the world must put more efforts towards disaster management instead of applying the wait-and-see attitude, which often backfires on them while leaving hundreds of people dead, billions of dollars worth of properties’ destroyed, and other devastations that have a lasting impact. Conclusion The relevance of financial planning in disaster management and coordination has been laid bare in this paper. Despite the two countries being geographically separated and distinct, they face unique disaster risks that make them susceptible to disaster events such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and other hazards. The path towards financial planning did not happen overnight. It followed hard lessons and bad experiences that the two countries faced from past disaster even ts. Consequently, disaster risk reduction efforts that encompass many programmes, including financial planning, play an important role in the two nations’ efforts towards disaster management and coordination. Reference List Alva-Valdivia, L., Goguitchaichvili, A., Ferrari, L., Rosas-Elguera, J., Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J. Zamorano-Orozco, J. (2000). Paleomagnetic data from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: implications for tectonics and volcanic stratigraphy. Web. Anan, K. (2011). Rural Poverty Report. Web. Arnold, M. (2008). The role of risk transfer and insurance in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Sweden: Swedish Commission on Climate Change and Development. Bibbee, A., Gonenc, R., Jacobs, S., Konvitz, J., Price, R. (2000). Economic Effects Of The 1999 Turkish Earthquakes: An Interim Report Economics Department Working Papers No. 247. Web. Cummins, D., Mahul, O. (2009). Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries: Principles for Public Interventi on. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Mexico City Earthquake of 1985. Web. MCEER. Major Turkish Earthquakes of the 20th Century. Web. McEntire, D. (2006). The Importance of Multi-and Inter-disciplinary Research on Disasters and for Emergency Management. Denton: University of North Texas. Neuman, L. (2006). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson. Ragin, C. (2004). Workshop on Scientific Foundations of Qualitative Research. Arlington: National Science Foundation. Ranguelov, B., Bernaerts, A. The Erzincan 1939 Earthquake – A Sample Of The Multidisaster Event. Web. Sengezer, B., Koa, E. (2005). A critical analysis of earthquakes and urban planning in Turkey. Disasters, 29(1), 171-194. Stallings, R. (1997). Introduction: Methods of Disaster Research: Unique or Not. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15, 1(1), 1-29. Twigg, J. (2004). Good Practice Review: Disaster risk reduction, Mi tigation and preparedness in development and emergency programming. London: Humanitarian Policy Network. World Bank. (2005). Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis†. Disaster Risk Management Series No. 5. The World Bank: Hazard Management Unit. This report on Financial Planning for National Disaster was written and submitted by user Gemma Pacheco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Public Speaking Essay Example

Essay on Public Speaking Essay Example Essay on Public Speaking Paper Essay on Public Speaking Paper Essay Topic: Public Speaking Public Speaking Public Speaking and Communication 1. Personal opinion on Public Speaking. Suggested answers: Public speaking means giving a speech to a group of people on a special occasion like Teachers Day, opening ceremony of an event, graduation. i) Nervous, self-conscious, butterflies in the stomach, scared; challenging, fun, confidence booster, empowering. ii) To be a more confident, fluent, effective public speaker; to gain confidence, improve the command of English, overcome the fear of speaking in front of an audience. 2. What should you do to give a good speech. Suggested answers: write out the speech and memorise the script;- practice, practice, practice! choose an interesting title; make it short, funny and captivating; speak clearly with a moderate speed; use simple language and make sure one idea is connected to another naturally. 3. Ethics. Answers: i) Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy (ethical, sociological, psychological) responsibilities. ii) (Rhetoric, Ethics, Theology) is a branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. iii) In public speaking, sound ethical decisions involved weighing a potential course of action against A. a set of ethical standards of guidelines. B. the practicality of taking that course of action. C. a set of legal criteria for acceptable speech. D. the speakers goals in a given situation. iv) Which of the following violates the speakers ethical obligation to be honest in what she or he says? A. juggling statistics. B. quoting out of context. C. citing unusual cases as typical examples. D. all of the above. v) Even though it is not easy to assess a speakers goals, it is still necessary to ask ethical questions about those goals. True / False vi) The larger the audience becomes, the greater is the ethical responsibility of the speaker to be fully prepared. 4. Impromptu Speech: Self-introduction Suggested answer: Good morning to everyone. My name is John Ooi Teck Leong, you can call me John or my nickname TL. My hometown is Sitiawan, Perak. My parents run a small family business in town. I have an elder sister and two younger brothers. When Im free, I like to hang out with my friends, play basketball and watch the TV. I come to UTAR because I want to become an accountant, and my parents believe UTAR is the right place for me. In the future, I hope to become a successful accountant, run my own auditing firm, buy a big house for my family and travel around the world. Thats all, thank you! 5. Famous influential speakers of the world. Suggested answers: Mahatma Gandhi political spiritual leader of India who fought for independence Aung San Suu Kyi freedom fighter of Myanmar Sir Winston Spencer Churchill -Prime Minister of the U. K. during WWII John F. Kennedy 35th President of the USA (1917-1963) Martin Luther King civil rights activist, USA (1929-1968)

International Supply Chain Management (Sourcing Strategies) Essay

International Supply Chain Management (Sourcing Strategies) - Essay Example As a result of near-shoring activities, enhancement of cultural affinity takes place which acts as a boon to the modern businesses with respect to their value chain activities. The cultural affinity being developed provides strong prospect for the long-term relationship development among the various entities of the supply chain. As a result of this, the supply functions of the companies enhance up to a considerable extent. Finally, it is worthy to mention that the new approach of near-shoring as a sourcing strategy offers cost advantages to the companies. The proximity of time zone allows the companies to reduce the extra amount of work required to match with the time of the entity in other ends of the supply chain. The cultural affinity leads to reduced amount of time spend upon the cycles required for reaching a consensus (Neoris Practical Visionaries, 2010). However, the activities within near-shoring strategy for sourcing are not without risk associated with it. Although it is be tter to go for near-shoring than off-shoring as according to the contemporary managers, near-shoring cannot lead the companies towards achievement of goal when applied alone. A combination of off-shoring, onsite and near-shoring would provide better result than being used alone. Thus, instead of determining the advantage of near-shoring over off-shoring, it would be beneficial for the contemporary mangers to identify the most effective combination through which goals can be achieved (Bell, 2005). On-Shoring Along with near-shoring, on-shoring has also been evolving as an innovative concept in the businesses where efficient supervision of supply... This essay stresses that the opportunity cost associated with outsourcing at times triggers the interest among the companies to remain preset to this process. This is because through outsourcing the production units can derive the advantage of lower production costs in the developing nations of the world which would not be possible with the process of in-sourcing. Another noticeable disadvantage of in-sourcing is that the focus of the company gets deviated from its core competencies because of in-sourcing. In-sourcing might bring about the necessity of concentrating upon certain activities like that of IT in which the company is not expert at. In such a situation, the time, the efforts and the resources that will be spend over activities other than the core activities would be considered as extra amount of cost This paper makes a conclusion that development of various combinations of the modern sourcing strategies would be essential. The companies can then adopt various means of assessing each of the combinations in a critical way. The combination that anticipates the most effective output for the companies should be selected. These actions of the companies in relation to the adoption of one best sourcing strategy are helpful for both the short-term as well as the long-term prospects of the companies. This is because effectiveness of the sourcing strategies leads towards enhanced competency of the supply functions of the companies which is a competitive aspect in the context of the modern businesses.

Pharmacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pharmacy - Essay Example Of course, there are many other formulations that I could become as a drug: powder, gel capsules, even nasal spray. But the most common types are the tablet and suspension forms. All of the equipment I come into contact with between now and when I am ingested by a patient must be clean and sterile. I must be sealed away from outside contact, so that I do not become contaminated with debris, bacteria, or other microscopic particles. Every canister, tank, mixer, pipe, hose, and bottle has to be sterilized completely. Many of the items I will come in contact with have been steam-sterilized, because using clean steam prevents me from being contaminated by the cleaning products themselves. I am pumped from a delivery vehicle into a tank to be stored at the manufacturing site. The tank I am in is only one of many in the tank farm at this pharmaceutical plant. In order to assure safety, the tanks are sterilized before I am pumped into them through an airtight transfer pump. After a period o f storage, I am then pumped from the storage tanks into a make-up and boot tank, and then from there into a reactor tank to start the manufacturing process. The plant keeps very careful track of the arrival times of all the ingredients for their products, including me, in order to ensure that nothing is stored too long. They also have to keep track of the temperature and humidity of the storage areas, because some ingredients cannot be exposed to temperatures that are too high or too low, and some cannot be exposed to humid air in case they react with the oxygen. Some chemicals must even be kept away from contact with the oxygen in the air, because they will oxidize and change form. At the start of the manufacturing process, I am weighed with great precision, as are the excipients that will make up the tablets or suspension with me. The weights of the various ingredients will depend on batch size and dosage amount, and all of the weights are recorded for quality assurance. Each of t he ingredients are all weighed individually in separate sterile canisters because having the right amounts of each ingredient is vital to the properties of the final product. The reactor mixes us together in the right proportions, according to the size of the batch and the dosage amount of the final product. Depending on my properties and the properties of the other ingredients in my mixture, the next steps will vary. If I and the other active and inactive ingredients are dry powder that can be mixed together smoothly, we can be sent on to the next step of tablet pressing without further processing. If the right mixtures cannot be obtained through simple stirring in the reactor, there are two other possibilities to create the necessary homogeneity of the mixture for the creation of tablets. These possibilities are wet granulation or dry granulation. If I can be mixed with water, the manufacturer will use an aqueous solution, as that will be safer; if, like many pharmacological chemi cals, I cannot come in contact with water without reacting to it and degrading, I will be mixed with a solvent solution. If I go through wet granulation, a liquid binder-adhesive will be added to me in the reactor, where we will be thoroughly mixed together. Using the correct amounts of the liquid binder-adhesive is vital, because if too much of the liquid is added to me, my granules will come out to be too

Overview of the Legal Liabilities of Public Officers Essay

Overview of the Legal Liabilities of Public Officers - Essay Example Albeit, litigations filed hostile to the public officers, administrative officer and offices are progressively being termed as factions or perpetrators with immediate or delegated liability. Furthermore, in order to maintain their legal liabilities to the least possible, public officers should constantly take action in the interior of the extent of their functions, understand and be familiar with the rules and regulations of their corresponding subdivisions, keep precise and correct inscribed records in contentious cases, uphold effective interactions with the society, and continually refer to legal advisors in cases where there is uncertainty in the course of action. However, most often than none, public officials are favoured with official impunity. Public officers run for office to acquire wealth and power. In some countries, abuses of power are rampant and are being used as leverage for their personal objectives. As a result, extrajudicial killings become widespread and rambling. This particular study seeks to elaborate on the legal liabilities of public officers. In addition, this should inform the reader regarding the scope of functions of public officers on the whole and provide knowledge or grounds of assessment from which discretion towards public officers can be obtained. OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL LIABILITIES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS 2 Introduction "The law under which government officials operate permits them to inflict injury on others, under prescribed circumstances, in established ways, and in carefully (and sometimes not so carefully) calibrated amounts" (Mashaw, 1978). Undeniably, in the performance of duty of public officials, unethical use of power is always a possibility. Public officials, under the permission of the law, are allowed to at least cause injury on others. Albeit their authority to do so is limited by the existing laws, many public officials are leveraging this prerogative to serve their personal interests. This gives them the opportunity to impose coercion in influencing the decision or leanings of their constituents to favour their individual goals, especially during times of election or in passing a particular governmental project from which they can corrupt big amounts of money. Certainly, the law carries on. What is more alarming is that "it sometimes tells the official that a failure to injure - that is, to coerce compliance with a predetermined rule of conduct - is a dereliction of official duty" (Mashaw, 1978). While the law is clear that the authority to cause injury on others is delimited on certain grounds, oftentimes, this is being overlooked and exploited. The interpretation of the law becomes superficial and unconstitutional. It is rather disturbing why the constitution provides such sorts of law that act on the borderline between its use to perform official duty and the feasibility of misusing it. This study does not resolve this weakness but presents the manifold possibilities of divergence from the r eal intents of the law. The public officials therefore should be aware of their legal liabilities. They should carefully interpret the laws provided for them by the constitution. Inasmuch as they have the freedom to use it in any manner they wish to, they OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL LIABILITIES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS 3 should remember the consequences that it carry. By and large, the purpose of this paper is not to solely scrutinize the validity and the applicability of the law, but to elaborate on the various

Marketing plan of LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival

Marketing plan of LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival Listed as a not for profit organisation since 1996, the Melbourne Fashion Festival Ltd, now known as the LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival, has always been at the forefront of the fashion world. Over the years, the LMFF has become one of Australias top fashion events and focuses on target markets that are fashion oriented, social oriented and a mixture of both. The events success can be recognised by the efforts made by many individuals and businesses that have been with the organisation for many years. On March 14, 2011, the LMFF launched Fashion Full Stop: Decades of Australian Fashion, an event that celebrated designers, along with many labels and styles that have shaped Australias history in fashion. With tickets ranging from $79 to $39, 4000 fans filled the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centres plenary auditorium. Due to this, the event has been deemed a large priority in future shows and an extremely important opportunity to raise the profile of the organisation (LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival Pty Ltd, 2011) Therefore the main objective of this event is to be recognised both nationally and internationally as the leading event of its kind and stimulate activity across the retail, clothing, footwear, and creative sectors. The purpose of this marketing plan is to identify LMFFs many strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ; and these must be used in union with several marketing strategies, actions and a budget of $47 200 to eventually achieve the overall objective. Although the companys strengths and opportunities outweigh the organisations weaknesses and threats, the growing competition within the fashion industry and changes in the marketing environment need to be of focus. For the event to be a success, the organisation must modify or maintain the strategies and actions to directly reflect these changes. Event Information The aim of the Fashion Full Stop Opening Runway event is to celebrate and promote iconic designers, labels, styles and moments from the 1960s to today, stimulate sales and present Melbourne as a precinct full of design superiority. Assessment of the Marketing Environment Internal Environment Strengths: Since the LMFF initiated in 1996, the unique LOreal brand image has flourished Created brand awareness, recognition and emotional value to its target audiences Has built a reputable media profile Has been able to grow and produce a diverse range of activities Showcases many strong brand names and sponsors Sales within Melbourne and other parts of Australia have skyrocketed Increased staff attitude towards the event, opinions about the event, and expertise and experience during the event Weaknesses: Certain markets are not focused, e.g. low income earners. This may be intentional as the event focuses on exclusivity. Due to the lack of detail about the event in regards to online advertising, television advertisements and more, previous customers may have a perception that the event may be similar to the previous year or be similar to competition. External Environment 3.21 Micro-Environment Competitive analysis and Venn Diagram Direct competitors (offer similar, but somewhat differentiated events) include: Location Prices Target Market Offerings and/or Sales Date and time Rosemount Australian Fashion Week Sydney Similar Same Similar Different Mercedes Benz Fashion Festival Brisbane Similar, but offer free events Similar Achieved an increase of 61% on ticket sales and 33% on attendance in 2008 (Lindsay Bennett Marketing, 2010) Different Motorola Melbourne Spring Fashion Week Melbourne Nearly all events are free Similar Very similar Different Perth Fashion Festival Perth Similar Same Very similar Different New Zealand Fashion Week Auckland (outside Australia) Very similar Similar Very similar Same Similar offerings Party Eclectic Well known SOCIAL HIGH PROFILE INTERNATIONAL Indirect competitors (seek to provide the same benefits to the consumers, but in a different form) include: Port Fairy Folk Festival Future Music Festival Moomba Festival 3.22 Macro Environment PESTE Analysis Political forces/legal and regulatory influences The LMFF is required to uphold and adhere to many political and legal regulatory practices and the most important include: Drinking laws: all underage visitors must be accompanied by an adult in bars and dining rooms (LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival Pty Ltd, 2011). Entry: refused entry is given to any person that is affected by alcohol/drugs, behaves aggressively or reduces the reputation of the LMFF or any organisation associated with the LMFF (LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival Pty Ltd, 2011). Intellectual property: in the interest of all the stakeholders, registered designs, trademarks, patents, and copyrights all need to be respected by using intellectual property laws. It encourages technological innovation and artistic expression in industries (Commonwealth of Australia , 2010). Economic trends In economic troubles, fashion, the arts and entertainment often get sacrificed because of a decrease in disposable income. However, the slowdown within worldwide expenditure due to the impact of the global economic crisis has had a little effect on the LMFF. In fact, consumers are still spending a large amount of income, visiting the festival on an annual basis, and sponsorship is still going strong. Socio-cultural trends According to Easey (2008), fashion is ultimately about change.many of these changes are brought about by designers trying to create something new to satisfy customers, but others are because of influences beyond the control of designers or manufacturers.some are within a companys control and others are way beyond it. Therefore, the LMFF opening runway show will have to focus on the current needs and wants of the target market and find a way to satisfy them. Technological trends In several industries, the development and utilisation of new technology gives the opportunity of improving a consumers experience. Recently, designers such as Alexander McQueen and Alexander Wang used technology to stream their fashion shows live online (Moore, 2010). The brand DKNY has also started using a barcode technology for invitations and seating arrangements for its fashion show (Moore, 2010). This type of technology could be developed for use in the LMFF opening runway show. Environmental trends Recently, an ethical fashion forum has developed a mission to support  and  promote  sustainable practices, facilitate  collaboration, raise  awareness  and provide the  tools  and  resources  needed to reduce poverty, reduce environmental damage and raise standards in the fashion industry (Ethical Fashion Forum, 2011). Therefore, the push to become green is fairly large on fashion shows and designers. SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Established in 1996 Unique LOreal brand image Not for profit organisation Stimulates sales within Melbourne and several brands Presents Melbourne as a centre of design superiority Diverse range of activities Unique Strong brand names Good reputation Popular shows created annually/positive track record Staff attitude and opinions Staff expertise and experience Existing media profile/reputable media partners or sponsors Location Celebrity attraction Although variety of offerings, certain markets are not focused on Perception that customers may already know whats of offer Lack of detail Current marketing campaigns are shallow and not environmentally friendly OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Increase visitors and attract tourists Boost retail sales and economy Exposure for sponsors/volunteers Upcoming designers and existing designers to showcase talent Build reputation of Melbourne Opportunities for the LMFF to create something different Competition/growth of other tourism areas in Melbourne Limited finance Infrastructure renewal due to increase of visitors Safety and security Major events throughout the year that target market prefer to spend time and money on Hard to create niche products/services due to continuously changing environment Increase in push to become green Target Market Consumer Information There are three types of target markets: Primary: approximately 50% of attendees, require a small amount of marketing costs, go for the fashion and are loyal to the event. Secondary: approximately 30% of attendees, require a slightly larger amount of marketing costs, use the fashion event as a social experience. Tertiary: approximately 20% of attendees require a large amount of marketing costs; go as its an event close to home. Target Markets and Market Segmentation Market Research For the purpose of improving the LMFF event and in order to determine the characteristics of the primary, secondary and tertiary target markets, secondary research has been used. This information has not been directly extracted from the audience, but instead from a variety of sources. A useful way in identifying the reasons why several target markets visited LMFF was to create a brand bullseye, which takes into account a variety of emotional and functional perceptions, opinions and hot buttons (Skildum-Reid et al, 2007), see appendix 1. Consumer Segmentation The primary target market are associated with the fashion world and are visiting the event to connect with designers, musicians, consumers, and retailers. In other words they are high profile guests who have been actively engaged with the festival throughout its history and continue to support LMFF into its future (LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival Pty Ltd, 2011). The secondary target market enjoys socialising, spending a large amount of disposable income and are easily influenced by peers and the media. The tertiary are people that are interested in the arts, but use location and convenience to satisfy their needs and wants. Demographics Variables Target Market Primary Secondary Age 21 50 18 30 Gender Female and Male Female and Male Marital Status No No Education Yes Yes Children living at home No No Income Middle to upper class, large amount of income, between $50 000 $110 000 Lower class, large amount of disposable income, equal to or less than $30 000 Internet use/ type High/Broadband High/Broadband Online buying habits Medium High and know how to buy online tickets, etc Television viewing preferences Pay television Pay television and free to air television Transport use Private Public and Private Beverage and food preferences Expensive and prefer alcohol and tea/coffee Cheap and prefer alcohol and sweet drinks Employment status/occupation Employed, usually in the fashion industry Student, unemployed or new worker Location Both domestic and international Domestic and urban/metropolitan areas (Information collected from EIT Inc, 2005; Frankie, 2011; Fashion TV, 2011) Psychographics Variables Target Market Primary Secondary Lifestyle City prone Enjoys shopping Quality oriented Frequent buying behavior Interested in the arts music, dance etc Upscale and well-off Trendy Globetrotters Value-for-money oriented Social status activities No major responsibilities City prone Big spenders Personality Independent/Opinion leader Brand and fashion conscious Very sensitive to advertising Competitive Always searching for the newest trends and products representative of their social image Influenced by peers Outgoing Opinion formers Street-smart (Information collected from EIT Inc, 2005; Frankie, 2011; Fashion TV, 2011) Objectives Overall Business Objective The overall business objective of this event is to be recognised both nationally and internationally as the leading event of its kind and to stimulate activity across the retail, clothing, footwear, and creative sectors. SMART marketing objectives The objectives below conform to marketing standards of setting objectives which are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results oriented, and Time bound (Skildum-Reid et al, 2007). To obtain international and national prime time stories on channel FTV, various advertisements on national radio station NOVA, and a major advertising campaign with a colour photo in the magazine Frankie, one month before the event. To increase ticket sales domestically and internationally by 10% compared to the previous years opening runway event. To increase awareness and recognition of the brand LOreal in Australia from 20% to 35% by February 2012. To obtain five more sponsors prior to the event in order to increase funds by $150 000. Marketing Strategies Link to objective Rationale Strategies Measurement mechanism 1 This will achieve a large market penetration in the target markets and will encourage ticket sales before the event 1.1 Provide digital footage of highlights of last years event to various television and radio stations Number of televised stories that use the material 1.2 Create opportunities for video and audio interviews with designers of the event Number of interviews 1.3 Create and distribute press kits to local and international media Quality and acceptance of media kit 2 This will achieve market growth and showcase the event as being popular and well-known 2.1 Release early bird tickets at a discounted price to loyal customers Advance ticket sales and/or revenue, customer database 2.2 Provide online ticket purchases through connection of event website and ticketing company Ticket sales and/or revenue, customer database of event and ticketing company 2.3 Cross-promote with the event designers, singers and dancers through various advertising campaigns Number and quality of cross promotions 3 This will boost ticket sales and product sales before the event due to brand loyalty and recognition 3.1 Offer and provide samples of LOreal products to customers Number and frequency of customer purchases, customer opinion and satisfaction 3.2 Cross-promote event with LOreal advertisements Number, quality and success of cross promotions 3.3 Start an online social page e.g. facebook to discuss the brand/product/event Number of visits/hits/comments/likes/followers 4 This will allow the event to produce better offerings in regards to the exclusivity of the event and will increase the events profile 4.1 Create a sponsorship proposal and press kit that stands out from competitors Acceptance of proposal and number of responses, number of proposals from competitors Action Plan Actions Action Officer Time Frame (months before event) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Strategy 1.1 Action 1.11 Contact FTV and NOVA representatives to find out deadline Public relations/media team Action 1.12 Collect and compose footage of event and audio interviews Public relations/media team Action 1.13 Send to FTV and NOVA by deadline Public relations/media team Strategy 1.2 Action 1.21 Develop an interview script Public relations/media team Action 1.22 Contact agents of designers or designers directly and set up a meeting to interview Public relations/media team Action 1.23 Collect and condense interview data into clear information Public relations/media team Action 1.24 Send to editor of magazine by deadline along with press kit Public relations/media team Strategy 1.3 Action 1.31 Contact media representatives to find out deadline Public relations/media team Action 1.32 Write media release and information Public relations/media team Action 1.33 Develop press kits to send to magazine Public relations/media team Action 1.34 Send to editor by deadline Public relations/media team Strategy 2.1 Action 2.11 Contact ticketing company to inform them of intention to sell tickets to event, with prices and discharge information Marketing team/Ticketing manager or assistant Action 2.12 Create online flyer to advertise event and early bird discount Marketing team Action 2.13 Send flyer to ticketing company database and event database through both mail and e-mail Administration Strategy 2.2 Action 2.21 Liaise with marketing team of ticketing company about website link Marketing team Action 2.22 Create link within current event website with information and prices of tickets IT team, marketing team, ticketing manager or assistant Strategy 2.3 Action 2.31 Develop a partnership agreement Public relations, marketing team Action 2.32 Contact agents and set up a meeting to propose potential partnership  arrangement Public relations, marketing team Action 2.33 Create and edit advertisement/promotion Marketing Action 2.34 Inject cross-promotion into public Marketing Strategy 3.1 Action 3.11 Contact LOreals sales and marketing team and set up a way to receive an x amount of samples Sales and Marketing team Action 3.12 Contact various intermediaries such as makeup counters, hair salons, fashion magazines to inform about samples Marketing team Action 3.13 Distribute samples to intermediaries to implement in marketing campaigns Sales and distribution team Strategy 3.2 Action 3.21 Develop a partnership agreement Public Relations, marketing team Action 3.22 Contact LOreals marketing team and set up a meeting to propose potential partnership  arrangement Public Relations, marketing team Action 3.23 Create and edit advertisement/promotion Marketing Action 3.24 Inject cross-promotion into public Marketing Strategy 3.3 Action 3.31 Create a user login on facebook.com IT Team Action 3.32 Organise and disseminate information and media on profile page with links to several other pages and event website IT Team, media team, marketing team Strategy 4.1 Action 4.11 Write a marketing plan Marketing team Action 4.12 Identify competitors and sponsors Marketing team Action 4.13 Write a sponsorship proposal and press kit Marketing team Action 4.14 Send sponsorship proposal and press kit to identified sponsors Public relations, marketing team Contact sponsors and decide on sponsorship funds Marketing team Marketing Budget The marketing budget was based on a calculation of 20% of the total price of 4000 tickets sold in 2011. Ticket cost Total $79 x 4000 $316 000 $59 x 4000 $236 000 $39 x 4000 $156 000 $708 000 Average $236 000 Total Marketing Budget after 20% $47 200 Objectives Need Description/Calculation of Costs Cost 1 Advertising/publicity costs for Frankie and NOVA and FTV Frankie: 3 x Full Page, W: 210mm x H: 275mm @ $4670 each (Frankie, 2011) $14010 NOVA: 20 x 30 second ads over 7 days, 6am 6pm prime time @ $50 each (Australia Trade, 2010) $1000 FTV: 10 x 15 minute shows over 7 days, 7pm 7:15pm @ $20 cost per thousand (CPM) of 50, 000 (Boone, 2009) $10 000 Total $25 010 2 Mailing costs 5,000 x letters @ $58c each (Australia Post, 2011) $2900 Ticketing commission 4000 tickets x 10% increase = (4400 x $79) x 0.01 commission $3476 Printing costs 2 colour copy flyers per A4 page = 2500 x A4 pages @ $38c each (Officeworks, 2011) $950 Website development Overall cost (Cmather, 2011) $495 Website maintenance 30 hours @ $30 per hour (Cmather, 2011) $900 Advertising and promotion for cross-promotion with designers Billboard 6m x 3m for 8 weeks @ $1500 per 4 weeks and a one off $300 installation cost à · 2 (halves with cross-promotion) (GOA Billboard, 2011) $1650 Total $10 371 3 Samples cost 20 000 samples @ $10c each $2000 Advertising and promotion costs for cross-promotion with LOreal 25 x national light weight bus stop advertising @ $690 each à · 2 (halves with cross-promotion) (Adshel, 2011) $8 625 Social Website Usage is free $0 Distribution costs Covered by LOreal $0 Total $10 625 4 Printing costs 20 pages x 100 booklets = 2000 colour pages @ 0.38c = $760 + 100 booklets x $1.95 each for binding = $195 (Officeworks, 2011) $955 Mailing costs $1.20 x 100 booklets (Australia Post, 2011) $120 Total $1175 Overall total $47 181 Monitoring and Evaluation Objective 1: Measurement and evaluation mechanisms include: Number of televised stories that use the material Number of gained interviews Quality and acceptance of media kit Continuous partnerships with companies Objective 2: Measurement and evaluation mechanisms include: The difference in the number of ticket sales and/or revenue collected in prior year and current year Customer database increase and loyalty Number and quality of cross promotions Employee satisfaction LMFF annual review statistics Objective 3: Measurement and evaluation mechanisms include: Number and frequency of customer purchases/ LOreal annual review Number and frequency of sample intake Customer opinion, satisfaction, perception, and behaviours through surveys Number, quality and success of cross promotions Number of visits/hits/comments/likes/followers on facebook page Increase in ticket sales for LMFF overall events Objective 4: Measurement and evaluation mechanisms include: Acceptance of proposal Number of responses from sponsorships Number of proposals from competitors to sponsors Number of contracts signed with sponsorships compared to previous years, see appendix 2 Sponsorship funds increase and resource availability Sponsor reliability, efforts made, and perception of event Conclusion and Recommendations The LMFF has repositioned one of its most recently popular events called Fashion Full Stop: Decades of Australian Fashion. This popularity is proven by creative director, Grant Pearce, who stated in previous years, there hasnt been a show on opening night, theres just been a small presentation but this is a major theatrical show (Merhab, 2011). This success has been assisted by creating numerous objectives, marketing strategies, and an action plan that concentrates on increasing advertising, sponsorship and sales. The LMFF needs to continuously check and track the success of their initial objectives and modify or maintain the strategies and actions accordingly. These changes need to directly reflect the target markets and their various needs, wants and demands. Appendix Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Principal and Government partners: Loreal Paris, State Government Victoria Major Partners: Herald Sun, David Jones, Sofitel Luxury Hotels, Pacific Brands, Centralpier Spirit of Docklands, SpecSavers, Paper Stone Scissors, Eye Media, Westfield, City of Melbourne Event Partners: Marie Claire, 565 Lasoo, City of Stonnington, Peroni Italy, Colonial First State Global Asset Management, Woolmark, Sportsgirl Official Product Partners: Champagne Devaux, Yering Station, Lavazza, Lexus, Raffaello, Chambord, Sanpellegrino, Toll Ipec, Nine west, kikki.K, Synergy, Steve Madden Platinum Partners: Chadstone, Deloitte, Victoria Racing Club, Wilson Parking Gold Partners: Middletons, Corrs Chambers Westgarth, Deutsche Bank, MyCatwalk.com, Melbournes GPO, Fashion Weekend Melbourne, Image Box, The Just Group, Collins 234, Nikon, QV Melbourne, Kookai Media Partners: Artichoke, WGSN, Frankie Magazine, Cosmopolitan, Vogue Australia, 3AW 693, FASHIONTREND, FashionTV, Harper Bazaar, Grazia, Nova 100.3FM, InStyle, Madison, Avant Card, Hoyts, Yen

The Nature of Power Essays -- Literary Analysis, Joy Kogawa

In the book, Obasan, Joy Kogawa uses imagery to convey different symbolic meanings in Naomi's life. Naomi goes through a journey in the novel to uncover the truth of her past. One of the many literary elements that the novel possesses is animal imagery that emphasizes meaning and contributes to the novel's theme. Several animals are mentioned throughout the novel to represent Naomi's emotions and her journey. Kogawa utilizes the several instances of animal imagery in her novel, Obasan, to reveal the nature of power, both physically and emotionally, and the victim of power—Naomi. Animals such as the chicks represent Naomi's helplessness and innocence as she lived in a world without her mother or knowledge of her history. The animals that Kogawa uses, kittens, chicks, and birds, are not strong enough against humans. They are not lions or tigers that can do harm upon other animals or human beings, therefore this makes them easily threatened and killed by power. Throughout the novel, the animals are controlled by humans, the same way Naomi is controlled by the adults around her. Naomi relates to the animals and often dreams about them; for example, she dreams of an encounter with a couple who owns a beast. It is either a dog or a lion, Naomi does not know, but she knows that it "belongs to the man. Its obedience is phenomenal" (35). The word "phenomenal" signifies how much the man has control over his dog—so much that the creature turns out to be a robot. It has no feelings and is easily manipulated, it cannot run away or fight back—the same way Naomi is in the novel. An adult who frightens Naomi greatly with domination over her unlike anyone else is Old Man Gower. He forces himself on her, using his hands and words, both physical... ...og is able to escape with its healed leg; the frog is able to move on from its past unlike Naomi. Kogawa's strategy to use animals in her novel, Obasan, is for a reason, as well as what kinds of animals. The animals and Naomi live in an unjust world where power is used to dominate them, ends the animals' lives, and affects Naomi for a long period of time. Naomi goes through a journey but does not overcome the nature of power that has haunted her since childhood. She remains the victim of power even as she finds out the truth about her mother and goes back to the coulee at the end. By using the animals, Kogawa shows how complicated Naomi's journey is, how she is has to remain silent, she is excluded from her family, and carries the past with her even at thirty-six. Kogawa is sending the message that animals are just as fragile and easily threatened as humans. The Nature of Power Essays -- Literary Analysis, Joy Kogawa In the book, Obasan, Joy Kogawa uses imagery to convey different symbolic meanings in Naomi's life. Naomi goes through a journey in the novel to uncover the truth of her past. One of the many literary elements that the novel possesses is animal imagery that emphasizes meaning and contributes to the novel's theme. Several animals are mentioned throughout the novel to represent Naomi's emotions and her journey. Kogawa utilizes the several instances of animal imagery in her novel, Obasan, to reveal the nature of power, both physically and emotionally, and the victim of power—Naomi. Animals such as the chicks represent Naomi's helplessness and innocence as she lived in a world without her mother or knowledge of her history. The animals that Kogawa uses, kittens, chicks, and birds, are not strong enough against humans. They are not lions or tigers that can do harm upon other animals or human beings, therefore this makes them easily threatened and killed by power. Throughout the novel, the animals are controlled by humans, the same way Naomi is controlled by the adults around her. Naomi relates to the animals and often dreams about them; for example, she dreams of an encounter with a couple who owns a beast. It is either a dog or a lion, Naomi does not know, but she knows that it "belongs to the man. Its obedience is phenomenal" (35). The word "phenomenal" signifies how much the man has control over his dog—so much that the creature turns out to be a robot. It has no feelings and is easily manipulated, it cannot run away or fight back—the same way Naomi is in the novel. An adult who frightens Naomi greatly with domination over her unlike anyone else is Old Man Gower. He forces himself on her, using his hands and words, both physical... ...og is able to escape with its healed leg; the frog is able to move on from its past unlike Naomi. Kogawa's strategy to use animals in her novel, Obasan, is for a reason, as well as what kinds of animals. The animals and Naomi live in an unjust world where power is used to dominate them, ends the animals' lives, and affects Naomi for a long period of time. Naomi goes through a journey but does not overcome the nature of power that has haunted her since childhood. She remains the victim of power even as she finds out the truth about her mother and goes back to the coulee at the end. By using the animals, Kogawa shows how complicated Naomi's journey is, how she is has to remain silent, she is excluded from her family, and carries the past with her even at thirty-six. Kogawa is sending the message that animals are just as fragile and easily threatened as humans.